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	<title>Comments on: The biological basis of race</title>
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	<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/</link>
	<description>What is falling, push.</description>
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		<title>By: Antaeus</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-1439</link>
		<dc:creator>Antaeus</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Dec 2009 06:07:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-1439</guid>
		<description>Uh.... So you&#039;ll make a flat, unsubstantiated assertion, ignore the meticulous research in the article, link to a moralizing tirade which doesn&#039;t even contain the text in your quote, and then tell us WE&#039;RE dumb?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Uh&#8230;. So you&#8217;ll make a flat, unsubstantiated assertion, ignore the meticulous research in the article, link to a moralizing tirade which doesn&#8217;t even contain the text in your quote, and then tell us WE&#8217;RE dumb?</p>
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		<title>By: Marty</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-1406</link>
		<dc:creator>Marty</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 07:06:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-1406</guid>
		<description>you guys are dumb

http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm

&quot;Today many scientists study human genotypic and phenotypic variation using concepts such as &quot;population&quot; and &quot;clinal gradation&quot;. Large parts of the academic community take the position that, while racial categories may be marked by sets of common phenotypic or genotypic traits, the popular idea of &quot;race&quot; is a social construct without base in scientific fact.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]&quot;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>you guys are dumb</p>
<p><a href="http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm</a></p>
<p>&#8220;Today many scientists study human genotypic and phenotypic variation using concepts such as &#8220;population&#8221; and &#8220;clinal gradation&#8221;. Large parts of the academic community take the position that, while racial categories may be marked by sets of common phenotypic or genotypic traits, the popular idea of &#8220;race&#8221; is a social construct without base in scientific fact.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]&#8220;</p>
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		<title>By: Don</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-1373</link>
		<dc:creator>Don</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Nov 2009 11:51:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-1373</guid>
		<description>I dispute your IQ testing.


Part of intelligence is the ability to copy, the old saying of monkey see monkey do.

So all a group needs is one odd ball like Edison that developed the light bulb, and the entire tribe now has light and considered smart. Do they know what makes the light work—NOPE—but even the most stupid can use the switch, and put a light over it so they can find it at night. 


No wonder you hate to be disputed on the value of IQ test., there are way too many variables. From Darwin to this day,  intelligence is very hard to define without putting  in very narrow guide lines. Sort of a self defeating test as you never know what you left  out due to the nature/nurture factor. A person that literally freezes under stress would be considered very smart when a lion is near by, and would also freeze taking your test.  I doubt any IQ test takes this real life situation into account.  Of course you can always change and manipulate the test to fit the person---GEE look how smart they are.  


To say IQ is valid because it makes people angry is NOT a validation that IQ test are all comprehensive. 


Even looking into history and saying what race has the most intelligence, you have to give guide lines.  Given common guide lines, some are way better than others--no doubt about it.  


You rated England as being 100, but yet they are destroying there own county. At the present rate in 100 years England will be in name only, because of their immigration policy to Muslims. The English people know this, and they are told,  but yet they do nothing but kiss their culture good by in exchange for 7th Century mentality. This is the masses of the English that are free citizens  that are giving away their heritage. This is NOT a smart thing to do.  I do not care what your paper IQ test says.  


The examples are many that go against your standard IQ evaluations, it just does NOT pan out in the real world when put to the real test. 


Education has everything to do with an  IQ rating, to say it does not to me is silly. By the way,  most all IQ test are made public, so study for it and get a high score, then be so stupid to walk in front of  a bus and end up hamburger. 


How do you test a 3 year old?  In all respect, I take it you have never been a parent. A normal child’s brain is sucking information and data so fast at that age every week, to every day,  makes a big  difference. That is the fun of being a good parent and a good teacher. That old nature and nurture thing will not go away. And you are going to tell a 3 year old he/she is stupid? I will pass on your IQ test, and encourage being the very best you can be, and the very best is yet to come.  I would say that is a smart thingy to do, and tell the docs to be smarter than a fifth grader. I say this in good humor and a kind heart with a smile. 

Feel free to email me if you like,   yuo4  yuo4  at  yahoo.  com,  just drop the spaces. 

Don</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I dispute your IQ testing.</p>
<p>Part of intelligence is the ability to copy, the old saying of monkey see monkey do.</p>
<p>So all a group needs is one odd ball like Edison that developed the light bulb, and the entire tribe now has light and considered smart. Do they know what makes the light work—NOPE—but even the most stupid can use the switch, and put a light over it so they can find it at night. </p>
<p>No wonder you hate to be disputed on the value of IQ test., there are way too many variables. From Darwin to this day,  intelligence is very hard to define without putting  in very narrow guide lines. Sort of a self defeating test as you never know what you left  out due to the nature/nurture factor. A person that literally freezes under stress would be considered very smart when a lion is near by, and would also freeze taking your test.  I doubt any IQ test takes this real life situation into account.  Of course you can always change and manipulate the test to fit the person&#8212;GEE look how smart they are.  </p>
<p>To say IQ is valid because it makes people angry is NOT a validation that IQ test are all comprehensive. </p>
<p>Even looking into history and saying what race has the most intelligence, you have to give guide lines.  Given common guide lines, some are way better than others&#8211;no doubt about it.  </p>
<p>You rated England as being 100, but yet they are destroying there own county. At the present rate in 100 years England will be in name only, because of their immigration policy to Muslims. The English people know this, and they are told,  but yet they do nothing but kiss their culture good by in exchange for 7th Century mentality. This is the masses of the English that are free citizens  that are giving away their heritage. This is NOT a smart thing to do.  I do not care what your paper IQ test says.  </p>
<p>The examples are many that go against your standard IQ evaluations, it just does NOT pan out in the real world when put to the real test. </p>
<p>Education has everything to do with an  IQ rating, to say it does not to me is silly. By the way,  most all IQ test are made public, so study for it and get a high score, then be so stupid to walk in front of  a bus and end up hamburger. </p>
<p>How do you test a 3 year old?  In all respect, I take it you have never been a parent. A normal child’s brain is sucking information and data so fast at that age every week, to every day,  makes a big  difference. That is the fun of being a good parent and a good teacher. That old nature and nurture thing will not go away. And you are going to tell a 3 year old he/she is stupid? I will pass on your IQ test, and encourage being the very best you can be, and the very best is yet to come.  I would say that is a smart thingy to do, and tell the docs to be smarter than a fifth grader. I say this in good humor and a kind heart with a smile. </p>
<p>Feel free to email me if you like,   yuo4  yuo4  at  yahoo.  com,  just drop the spaces. </p>
<p>Don</p>
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		<title>By: Josh</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-903</link>
		<dc:creator>Josh</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2009 01:25:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-903</guid>
		<description>I tagged on a bit there about the Russian fox experiment. This showed that selection for a single trait (tameness) lead to a number of other changes. Groups separated by geographic location and different cultures also would have had different selection pressures:

&quot;He selected and bred successive generations of tame foxes, taking care to avoid inbreeding. Similarly, he also bred a line of aggressive foxes. After eight generations the tame foxes began to display distinct behavioral and physical changes from both their farm bred aggressive counterparts and wild silver foxes. Over 35 generations of tame foxes, numbering over 45000, were bred in a period of 40 years, and the researchers kept human contact to a minimum and did not train the foxes in any way.

Research Observations
The silver foxes began to show tame, doglike behaviours like whining to get attention, licking, tail-wagging and barking. 
They began to display floppy ears, shorter legs, shorter and curled tails and spotted fur. 
They began to show narrower skulls and shorter snouts than that of wild foxes. 
Females began to come into heat twice a year instead of just once as in the case of wild foxes. 
Tame fox puppies opened their eyes sooner and developed a fear response later than wild fox puppies. 
The researchers also noted decreased adrenal hormone production and increased serotonin levels in the tame foxes. The former was linked with an animal&#039;s fear and aggression factors and the latter affected it on the psychological level. The balance between the two caused an animal to behave in a particular way and changing that balance brought about genetic changes that influenced both the animal&#039;s behavioral pattern and its developmental process. Not always a good thing, according to Dr. Trut; docility might make the foxes excellent house pets, but wouldn&#039;t win them any favors in the wild.&quot;

http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/46555.aspx</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I tagged on a bit there about the Russian fox experiment. This showed that selection for a single trait (tameness) lead to a number of other changes. Groups separated by geographic location and different cultures also would have had different selection pressures:</p>
<p>&#8220;He selected and bred successive generations of tame foxes, taking care to avoid inbreeding. Similarly, he also bred a line of aggressive foxes. After eight generations the tame foxes began to display distinct behavioral and physical changes from both their farm bred aggressive counterparts and wild silver foxes. Over 35 generations of tame foxes, numbering over 45000, were bred in a period of 40 years, and the researchers kept human contact to a minimum and did not train the foxes in any way.</p>
<p>Research Observations<br />
The silver foxes began to show tame, doglike behaviours like whining to get attention, licking, tail-wagging and barking.<br />
They began to display floppy ears, shorter legs, shorter and curled tails and spotted fur.<br />
They began to show narrower skulls and shorter snouts than that of wild foxes.<br />
Females began to come into heat twice a year instead of just once as in the case of wild foxes.<br />
Tame fox puppies opened their eyes sooner and developed a fear response later than wild fox puppies.<br />
The researchers also noted decreased adrenal hormone production and increased serotonin levels in the tame foxes. The former was linked with an animal&#8217;s fear and aggression factors and the latter affected it on the psychological level. The balance between the two caused an animal to behave in a particular way and changing that balance brought about genetic changes that influenced both the animal&#8217;s behavioral pattern and its developmental process. Not always a good thing, according to Dr. Trut; docility might make the foxes excellent house pets, but wouldn&#8217;t win them any favors in the wild.&#8221;</p>
<p><a href="http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/46555.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/46555.aspx</a></p>
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		<title>By: Josh</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-902</link>
		<dc:creator>Josh</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2009 01:23:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-902</guid>
		<description>&quot;The majority of variation is within races as opposed to between.&quot;

This is the Lewontin fallacy which Steve Hsu explains here:

Technical comment: this depends on the number of loci or markers used. As the number gets large the distance between clusters becomes much larger than the individual cluster radius. For continental clusters, if hundreds or thousands of markers are used the intercluster distance dominates the intracluster size. Further technical comment: you may have read the misleading statistic, spread by the intellectually dishonest Lewontin, that 85% percent of all human genetic variation occurs within groups and only 15% between groups. The statistic is true, but what is often falsely claimed is that this breakup of variances (larger within group than between group) prevents any meaningful genetic classification of populations. This false conclusion neglects the correlations in the genetic data that are revealed in a cluster analysis. See here for a simple example which shows that there can be dramatic group differences in phenotypes even if every version of every gene is found in two groups -- as long as the frequency or probability distributions are distinct. Sadly, understanding this point requires just enough mathematical ability that it has eluded all but a small number of experts.) Update: see here for an explanation in pictures of Lewontin&#039;s fallacy.

On the other hand, for most phenotypes (examples: height or IQ, which are both fairly heritable, except in cases of extreme environmental deprivation), there is significant overlap between different population distributions. That is, Swedes might be taller than Vietnamese on average, but the range of heights within each group is larger than the difference in the averages. Nevertheless, at the tails of the distribution one would find very large discrepancies: for example the percentage of the Swedish population that is over 2 meters tall (6&quot;7) might be 5 or 10 times as large as the percentage of the Vietnamese population. If two groups differed by, say, 10 points in average IQ (2/3 of a standard deviation), the respective distributions would overlap quite a bit (more in-group than between-group variation), but the fraction of people with IQ above some threshold (e.g., &gt;140) would be radically different. It has been claimed that 20% of all Americans with IQ &gt; 140 are Jewish, even though Jews comprise only 3% of the total population.

....

There is no strong evidence yet for specific gene variants (alleles) that lead to group differences (differences between clusters) in behavior or intelligence, but progress on the genomic side of this question will be rapid in coming years, as the price to sequence a genome is dropping at an exponential rate.

What seems to be true (from preliminary studies) is that the gene variants that were under strong selection (reached fixation) over the last 10k years are different in different clusters. That is, the way that modern people in each cluster differ, due to natural selection, from their own ancestors 10k years ago is not the same in each cluster -- we have been, at least at the genetic level, experiencing divergent evolution.

In fact, recent research suggests that 7% or more of all our genes are mutant versions that replaced earlier variants through natural selection over the last tens of thousands of years. There was little gene flow between continental clusters (&quot;races&quot;) during that period, so there is circumstantial evidence for group differences beyond the already established ones (superficial appearance, disease resistance). 

http://infoproc.blogspot.com/2008/01/no-scientific-basis-for-race.html

http://unews.utah.edu/p/?r=120607-1

Research Observations

The silver foxes began to show tame, doglike behaviours like whining to get attention, licking, tail-wagging and barking. 
They began to display floppy ears, shorter legs, shorter and curled tails and spotted fur. 

They began to show narrower skulls and shorter snouts than that of wild foxes. 

Females began to come into heat twice a year instead of just once as in the case of wild foxes. 

Tame fox puppies opened their eyes sooner and developed a fear response later than wild fox puppies.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;The majority of variation is within races as opposed to between.&#8221;</p>
<p>This is the Lewontin fallacy which Steve Hsu explains here:</p>
<p>Technical comment: this depends on the number of loci or markers used. As the number gets large the distance between clusters becomes much larger than the individual cluster radius. For continental clusters, if hundreds or thousands of markers are used the intercluster distance dominates the intracluster size. Further technical comment: you may have read the misleading statistic, spread by the intellectually dishonest Lewontin, that 85% percent of all human genetic variation occurs within groups and only 15% between groups. The statistic is true, but what is often falsely claimed is that this breakup of variances (larger within group than between group) prevents any meaningful genetic classification of populations. This false conclusion neglects the correlations in the genetic data that are revealed in a cluster analysis. See here for a simple example which shows that there can be dramatic group differences in phenotypes even if every version of every gene is found in two groups &#8212; as long as the frequency or probability distributions are distinct. Sadly, understanding this point requires just enough mathematical ability that it has eluded all but a small number of experts.) Update: see here for an explanation in pictures of Lewontin&#8217;s fallacy.</p>
<p>On the other hand, for most phenotypes (examples: height or IQ, which are both fairly heritable, except in cases of extreme environmental deprivation), there is significant overlap between different population distributions. That is, Swedes might be taller than Vietnamese on average, but the range of heights within each group is larger than the difference in the averages. Nevertheless, at the tails of the distribution one would find very large discrepancies: for example the percentage of the Swedish population that is over 2 meters tall (6&#8243;7) might be 5 or 10 times as large as the percentage of the Vietnamese population. If two groups differed by, say, 10 points in average IQ (2/3 of a standard deviation), the respective distributions would overlap quite a bit (more in-group than between-group variation), but the fraction of people with IQ above some threshold (e.g., &gt;140) would be radically different. It has been claimed that 20% of all Americans with IQ &gt; 140 are Jewish, even though Jews comprise only 3% of the total population.</p>
<p>&#8230;.</p>
<p>There is no strong evidence yet for specific gene variants (alleles) that lead to group differences (differences between clusters) in behavior or intelligence, but progress on the genomic side of this question will be rapid in coming years, as the price to sequence a genome is dropping at an exponential rate.</p>
<p>What seems to be true (from preliminary studies) is that the gene variants that were under strong selection (reached fixation) over the last 10k years are different in different clusters. That is, the way that modern people in each cluster differ, due to natural selection, from their own ancestors 10k years ago is not the same in each cluster &#8212; we have been, at least at the genetic level, experiencing divergent evolution.</p>
<p>In fact, recent research suggests that 7% or more of all our genes are mutant versions that replaced earlier variants through natural selection over the last tens of thousands of years. There was little gene flow between continental clusters (&#8220;races&#8221;) during that period, so there is circumstantial evidence for group differences beyond the already established ones (superficial appearance, disease resistance). </p>
<p><a href="http://infoproc.blogspot.com/2008/01/no-scientific-basis-for-race.html" rel="nofollow">http://infoproc.blogspot.com/2008/01/no-scientific-basis-for-race.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://unews.utah.edu/p/?r=120607-1" rel="nofollow">http://unews.utah.edu/p/?r=120607-1</a></p>
<p>Research Observations</p>
<p>The silver foxes began to show tame, doglike behaviours like whining to get attention, licking, tail-wagging and barking.<br />
They began to display floppy ears, shorter legs, shorter and curled tails and spotted fur. </p>
<p>They began to show narrower skulls and shorter snouts than that of wild foxes. </p>
<p>Females began to come into heat twice a year instead of just once as in the case of wild foxes. </p>
<p>Tame fox puppies opened their eyes sooner and developed a fear response later than wild fox puppies.</p>
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		<title>By: Quote-fest 0509 &#171; BIOpinionated</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-548</link>
		<dc:creator>Quote-fest 0509 &#171; BIOpinionated</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 May 2009 19:54:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-548</guid>
		<description>[...] From this post on Gene Expression (found via this excellent post): the study of human genetic variation is in its infancy, and once it hits adolescence it’s going [...]</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>[...] From this post on Gene Expression (found via this excellent post): the study of human genetic variation is in its infancy, and once it hits adolescence it’s going [...]</p>
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		<title>By: Brett Stevens</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-395</link>
		<dc:creator>Brett Stevens</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Apr 2009 05:36:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-395</guid>
		<description>Race is a term humans use for the natural grouping of characteristics. It may get fuzzy at the edges, but it&#039;s there.

We should get over this stupid debate, realize that recognizing race doesn&#039;t make you a racist or anti-racist, and move forward toward scientific study of humanity.

The political obstruction is both tiresome, and indicative of issues I find fascinating, like the rise of extreme political movements like nationalism, deep ecology and anarchism throughout Europe and the USA.

What exciting times we live in!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Race is a term humans use for the natural grouping of characteristics. It may get fuzzy at the edges, but it&#8217;s there.</p>
<p>We should get over this stupid debate, realize that recognizing race doesn&#8217;t make you a racist or anti-racist, and move forward toward scientific study of humanity.</p>
<p>The political obstruction is both tiresome, and indicative of issues I find fascinating, like the rise of extreme political movements like nationalism, deep ecology and anarchism throughout Europe and the USA.</p>
<p>What exciting times we live in!</p>
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		<title>By: John Harvey</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-382</link>
		<dc:creator>John Harvey</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:23:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-382</guid>
		<description>Thank you for a thought-provoking article.

Can we turn the underlying argument on its head?  The modern managerial state is predicated upon the belief that, put crudely, &quot;we&#039;re all the same under the skin&quot;.  Now best estimates are that it is probably some 60,000 to 70,000 years since the major eruption of modern humans out of Africa.  Since that time countless small family groups of humans - the successful ones later to become races -  will have lived through all sorts of genetic bottlenecks in a global range of selectively different environments.  Where then is the research evidence to support this iconic belief that the net result has been identical worldwide means and spreads for all behavioural, personality, intellectual, and temperamental traits?

Without this evidence the default position should assume considerable racial variation, and not some morally comforting but highly unlikely identicality.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thank you for a thought-provoking article.</p>
<p>Can we turn the underlying argument on its head?  The modern managerial state is predicated upon the belief that, put crudely, &#8220;we&#8217;re all the same under the skin&#8221;.  Now best estimates are that it is probably some 60,000 to 70,000 years since the major eruption of modern humans out of Africa.  Since that time countless small family groups of humans &#8211; the successful ones later to become races &#8211;  will have lived through all sorts of genetic bottlenecks in a global range of selectively different environments.  Where then is the research evidence to support this iconic belief that the net result has been identical worldwide means and spreads for all behavioural, personality, intellectual, and temperamental traits?</p>
<p>Without this evidence the default position should assume considerable racial variation, and not some morally comforting but highly unlikely identicality.</p>
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		<title>By: Rawls</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-377</link>
		<dc:creator>Rawls</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2009 18:42:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-377</guid>
		<description>James, you fell for the Lewontin fallacy yet again.  I warned you about that!

Until we humans can get away from platitudes like &quot;everyone is equal, just not the same&quot; we will never be able to think clearly.

Everyone deserves an opportunity to optimise their experience the best way they can.   Not everyone can succeed.  Some fail because they lack aptitude.  Entire families can fail over multiple generations.  Entire nations and subpopulations of nations can fail.

IQ means something, but it means different things in different settings.  It means more in a rigorous university science course than it means when ordering at a fast food restaurant or local pub.   

Richard Nisbett is claiming that IQ is well under 50% heritable.   It is good to hold out hope of erasing IQ gaps, if only to help mothers avoid drucs, nicotine, and alcohol during pregnancy. 
 
People need motivation to change their ways, particularly those with few innate cognitive and executive assets.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>James, you fell for the Lewontin fallacy yet again.  I warned you about that!</p>
<p>Until we humans can get away from platitudes like &#8220;everyone is equal, just not the same&#8221; we will never be able to think clearly.</p>
<p>Everyone deserves an opportunity to optimise their experience the best way they can.   Not everyone can succeed.  Some fail because they lack aptitude.  Entire families can fail over multiple generations.  Entire nations and subpopulations of nations can fail.</p>
<p>IQ means something, but it means different things in different settings.  It means more in a rigorous university science course than it means when ordering at a fast food restaurant or local pub.   </p>
<p>Richard Nisbett is claiming that IQ is well under 50% heritable.   It is good to hold out hope of erasing IQ gaps, if only to help mothers avoid drucs, nicotine, and alcohol during pregnancy. </p>
<p>People need motivation to change their ways, particularly those with few innate cognitive and executive assets.</p>
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		<title>By: Realist</title>
		<link>http://www.amerika.org/2009/social-reality/the-biological-basis-of-race/comment-page-1/#comment-371</link>
		<dc:creator>Realist</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2009 09:06:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.amerika.org/?p=2511#comment-371</guid>
		<description>&quot;The majority of variation is within races as opposed to between.&quot;

Of course it is; no general group can&#039;t account for the complete variation among its constituents. But that&#039;s not an argument against the existence of the general group.

&quot;When you also consider the fact that genetics are dynamic in their relation to the environment, the huge differences chaotic and environmental affects an have on development… Then you factor in the interbreeding of races.&quot;

That genetics is dynamic is not an argument against race, either. Inbreeding of races has only occurred at great length in some parts of the world. Ever been to Scandinavia?

&quot;Everyone is equal, just not the same. Racial differences are insignificant compared to other variations.&quot;

The first statement is a moral statement and has got nothing to do with this issue. Of course we are not the same; neither between individuals nor between races. Your last statement is incorrect; racial differences are not marginalized by individual variation. You seem to have misunderstood the race concept completely.

&quot;The climate your mother experiences will alter the expression of your genes. If there is a flood when she’s pregnant and you are significantly more likely to become schizophrenic. Should people be divided and ruled based on those factors?&quot;

That has nothing to do with race I&#039;m afraid, you are describing something called inherited epigenetics.

&quot;The nature nurture debate no longer exists. It’s a dynamic relationship.&quot;

There is not contradiction between dynamic genetics and genetic patterns among races.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#8220;The majority of variation is within races as opposed to between.&#8221;</p>
<p>Of course it is; no general group can&#8217;t account for the complete variation among its constituents. But that&#8217;s not an argument against the existence of the general group.</p>
<p>&#8220;When you also consider the fact that genetics are dynamic in their relation to the environment, the huge differences chaotic and environmental affects an have on development… Then you factor in the interbreeding of races.&#8221;</p>
<p>That genetics is dynamic is not an argument against race, either. Inbreeding of races has only occurred at great length in some parts of the world. Ever been to Scandinavia?</p>
<p>&#8220;Everyone is equal, just not the same. Racial differences are insignificant compared to other variations.&#8221;</p>
<p>The first statement is a moral statement and has got nothing to do with this issue. Of course we are not the same; neither between individuals nor between races. Your last statement is incorrect; racial differences are not marginalized by individual variation. You seem to have misunderstood the race concept completely.</p>
<p>&#8220;The climate your mother experiences will alter the expression of your genes. If there is a flood when she’s pregnant and you are significantly more likely to become schizophrenic. Should people be divided and ruled based on those factors?&#8221;</p>
<p>That has nothing to do with race I&#8217;m afraid, you are describing something called inherited epigenetics.</p>
<p>&#8220;The nature nurture debate no longer exists. It’s a dynamic relationship.&#8221;</p>
<p>There is not contradiction between dynamic genetics and genetic patterns among races.</p>
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